Russia is drawing up plans for bypasses around eight important cities. The construction work will commence in 2020. The cities are Nizhny Novgorod, Naberezhnye Chelny (both Volga), Ryazan, Ivanovo (both Central FD), Volgograd (South), Khasavyurt, Derbent, Vladikavkaz (all in North Caucasus). Some work has already been carried out for the Nizhny Novgorod bypass and the fourth phase of this particular project is expected to cost up to US$353 million.